What is the typical alteration seen in a hammer toe?

• A. All joints in the toe are hyperextended
• B. The PIP joint is flexed while the DIP is extended
• C. The DIP joint is extended while the PIP is flexed
• D. The toe is completely straight

Answer: (C)

A hammer toe is characterized by a specific deformity primarily affecting the second, third, or fourth toes. The hallmark feature of a hammer toe is the abnormal positioning of the toe, where the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is flexed, and the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint is extended. This creates a curled appearance in the toe, resembling a hammer, hence the name.

In this condition, the imbalance of the muscles and tendons around the toe joints leads to the characteristic flexion of the PIP joint while allowing extension in the DIP joint. This flexibility at the DIP joint further accentuates the hammer-like appearance of the toe.

Understanding this typical alteration helps in diagnosing and planning an appropriate approach to treatment, as recognizing the specific joint positions involved in a hammer toe is crucial for effective intervention.